​I've always been a guy who doesn't think about the future. I like to enjoy the road, savoring the day-to-day without worrying about making important decisions. As they say, journey before destination.
This mindset has always worked for me, and I have always considered myself happy.
Like most stories, mine begins with a curious child. A boy who was fascinated by the world he lived in, and would rather read books about electrons and protons than princesses and knights. To top it off, my father was a mathematician, and - due to genetic inheritance, I guess - I have always been good with math.
During high school, I had an extraordinary physics teacher who transmitted his passion and enthusiasm with every explanation. He is the real reason why I ended up studying physics, otherwise, I think I would have probably ended up a mathematician like my father.
To this day, I am still convinced that studying physics is the best decision I have ever made in my life! I have enjoyed every day of the degree without pausing to think about what would happen when it was over. I didn't want to face the end. To have to look for a job and fall into a routine, to stop learning new things, to leave behind my inner child... So, I finally enrolled in a nuclear physics master's degree. I had to keep learning!
This, however, changed everything. The master's had a double degree option, which allowed me to do the second half abroad and obtain two degrees for one. Now, I had to face what I had been avoiding all along... Thinking about the future. Making a decision. I couldn't just let it go, I had to stop and think.
And I was afraid. I did not want to leave my country, which I loved so much. I did not want to start from scratch in another place, where I couldn't even communicate with people, because I wouldn’t know the language. Surviving there for a year. Why couldn't I continue as I was, a leaf drifting in a gentle breeze?
I was about to refuse the offer... But then, one ordinary day scrolling through Instagram, I went through a random post. It was a picture of neon lights that read "Your comfort zone will kill you". I stared at the image for a while, my brain replaying it over and over again.
And then I understood everything. I had to keep learning! Not just about physics or atomic nuclei, but about life. Evolve or die, as it has been since the beginning of life. So I mustered up all the courage I could and got on that plane with a single suitcase, half full of clothes and half full of fear and insecurity.
It has already been five years since the best year of my life. A year of self-discovery, of getting to know new cultures, new ways of living. A year full of joy and learning. Because in my case, one thing leads to the other.
I am writing this now as a PhD student. Life is not easy (and this could be another blog post) but I keep learning. As I have always been doing. Because more than a physicist or a researcher, I am a learner.

Congratulations! Embarking on the journey toward a PhD is a monumental step filled with potential for discovery and deep learning. If you’re here, you likely share a passion for exploring science and are eager to find the ideal environment where your interests can thrive and your research skills can evolve.
Yet, finding the right PhD program can be daunting. Questions like Where should I start? What should I prioritize?, and How can I narrow my options? are common and valid concerns. But worry not—you’re not alone in navigating this process.
Welcome to the IReNA Blog! Here, we’ll walk you through seven key factors to consider when choosing a PhD program. While this article is mostly geared towards US-based PhD programs, there are many elements that will still be useful to students aiming for non-US PhD programs. These insights will help you make an informed and confident decision as you take the first steps toward an enriching academic journey.

1. The Department Search
Graduate school is a transformative experience, far removed from undergraduate studies. Your research will take center stage, often requiring countless hours of dedication. If you don’t enjoy the work, those years of graduate school can feel unbearable. That’s why it’s vital to go beyond evaluating the university—dive deep into the department and its people.
Start by researching professors and their work. Review their publications and projects to identify those whose interests align with yours. Keep in mind that departmental web pages aren’t always up-to-date. Reaching out to faculty directly is key—send concise, professional emails to gauge their availability for new graduate students. Additionally, consider contacting graduate students in the department. They often provide candid insights into the program, its culture, and the professors’ advising styles.
If your efforts to connect with faculty or graduate students are met with silence, proceed with caution. A lack of responsiveness could signal deeper issues within the department.

2. The Mentors’ Insights
The internet is a treasure trove of information, but it can be overwhelming and sometimes unreliable. Your current professors and mentors can help you cut through the noise. They often have personal or professional connections with researchers at other institutions, allowing them to provide insider knowledge about the programs you’re considering.
These trusted advisors can also help you identify professors who are still actively working in your field, even when departmental pages are outdated. Their guidance can be invaluable in narrowing down your list of schools and ensuring you make informed decisions.
 
3. The Case of Graduate Student Networks
Graduate school isn’t just about research; it’s a holistic experience. Social support can significantly impact your mental well-being and overall success. Look for departments with active graduate student organizations or committees. These groups often serve as hubs for networking, professional development, and social events, offering opportunities to connect with peers and find internships, summer schools, or jobs. 
Remember, all work and no play can lead to burnout. A strong social network is essential for maintaining balance during the demanding years of graduate school.

4. The Mystery of the Perfect Location 
When evaluating schools, don’t overlook the location of the university. Whether it’s in a bustling city, a quiet town, or somewhere in between, the setting can greatly influence your graduate school experience.
Especially for international students, adjusting to a new culture, lifestyle, and work ethic can be overwhelming. Research the city or town, including living costs and graduate stipends. Ask yourself, Can I see myself living here for the next few years? If the answer is no, don’t ignore your instincts. Feeling comfortable in your environment is just as important as the academic fit.
 
5. The Case of Graduate Finances
Money might not be the first thing you want to think about, but it’s a critical consideration. In US-based universities, unless you have a prestigious scholarship like the Fulbright or some departmental fellowships/scholarships, you’ll likely start as a teaching assistant (TA) and transition to a research assistant (RA) as your research group secures funding. You could also sign up as a tutor with the university’s think tank and tutoring services for an extra paycheck. Outside the US, the programs are often 100% research focused and the TA duties may even be accompanied with extra pay.
Not all programs offer summer or winter support, so look for details on departmental funding policies. Additionally, professors’ publication rates can offer clues about their research group’s financial health—consistent publications often correlate with steady funding. Understanding the financial landscape will help you avoid unpleasant surprises later.
 
6. The Case of Application Fee Waivers
Application fees can add up quickly, especially if you’re applying to multiple programs. Many US-based schools offer fee waivers if you attend their information webinars or meet specific criteria. Reach out to departments early to inquire about these opportunities. Don’t be shy about asking—at worst, they’ll say no, but you might save significant money by taking advantage of these offers. Planning ahead can make the application process far more affordable.
 
7. A Study in Program Uniqueness
Finally, take time for introspection. Ask yourself: Why this program? What makes it unique? While several programs may align with your research interests, understanding what sets one apart from the rest is crucial. Whether it’s a particular professor, research focus, or even the department’s culture, identifying a unique fit will help you refine your list of schools. 
This self-reflection is also a powerful tool for crafting compelling statements of purpose. By clearly articulating your reasons for choosing a program, you’ll demonstrate your dedication and make your application stand out.
 
Pursuing a PhD is a bold and challenging endeavor, requiring careful planning and self-reflection. The journey will test your resilience but also offer unparalleled opportunities for growth and discovery.
By keeping these seven factors in mind, you’ll be better equipped to navigate the application process and choose a program that aligns with your goals and values. Remember, the mantra is simple: Research your research. Take the time to evaluate your options thoughtfully, and you’ll set yourself up for success in this exciting new chapter of your academic career.